Cheat Sheet

Upper and lower case

Capitalize 'foo' using bash

x="foo"
echo "${x^^}"

Lowercase 'BAR' using bash

y="BAR"
echo "${y,,}"

Capitalize first letter 'foo' using bash

z="foo"
echo "${z^}"

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Environment variables

$0 - The name of the Bash script.
$1 - $9 - The first 9 arguments to the Bash script. (As mentioned above.)
$# - How many arguments were passed to the Bash script.
$@ - All the arguments supplied to the Bash script.
$? - The exit status of the most recently run process.
$$ - The process ID of the current script.
$USER - The username of the user running the script.
$HOSTNAME - The hostname of the machine the script is running on.
$SECONDS - The number of seconds since the script was started.
$RANDOM - Returns a different random number each time is it referred to.
$LINENO - Returns the current line number in the Bash script.